The visual display of quantitative information
The visual display of quantitative information
CHI '94 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
A comparison of the use of text and multimedia interfaces to provide information to the elderly
CHI '94 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
3D or not 3D: “more is better” or “less is more”? (panel session)
CHI '95 Conference Companion on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Semiology of graphics
A semantic analysis of the design space of input devices
Human-Computer Interaction
A standard reference model for intelligent multimedia presentation systems
Computer Standards & Interfaces
Multimodal interfaces: Challenges and perspectives
Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Smart Environments
Multimodal interfaces: Challenges and perspectives
Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Smart Environments
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The paper addresses an issue that must be resolved to produce a scientifically sound and practically useful reference model for intelligent multimedia presentation systems (IMP systems), namely that of providing, from the point of view of Human-Computer Interaction (HCI), a systematic understanding of the types of output information to be presented by IMP systems. The term 'medium', as it is used in the context of multimedia systems, is too coarse-grained for distinguishing between different types of output information. The paper introduces the notion of (representational) 'modalities' to enable sufficiently fine-grained distinctions to be made. For the term itself to be meaningful, 'multimodal' presentations must be composed of unimodal representations. In the approach presented, unimodal representations are defined from a small number of basic properties whose combinations specify the 'generic' level of a taxonomy of unimodal output modalities. Additional basic property distinctions serve to generate the more fine-grained 'atomic' and 'sub-atomic' levels in a hierarchical fashion. The taxonomy is set up with the aim of satisfying four basic requirements, viz. completeness, orthogonality, relevance and intuitiveness. A concluding discussion illustrates the practical use of the taxonomy.