Entity authentication and key distribution
CRYPTO '93 Proceedings of the 13th annual international cryptology conference on Advances in cryptology
An Efficient Protocol for Authenticated Key Agreement
Designs, Codes and Cryptography
CRYPTO '97 Proceedings of the 17th Annual International Cryptology Conference on Advances in Cryptology
Communications: IM means business
IEEE Spectrum
SKEME: a versatile secure key exchange mechanism for Internet
SNDSS '96 Proceedings of the 1996 Symposium on Network and Distributed System Security (SNDSS '96)
Off-the-record communication, or, why not to use PGP
Proceedings of the 2004 ACM workshop on Privacy in the electronic society
Journal of the ACM (JACM)
Secure off-the-record messaging
Proceedings of the 2005 ACM workshop on Privacy in the electronic society
Deniable authentication and key exchange
Proceedings of the 13th ACM conference on Computer and communications security
Improved user authentication in off-the-record messaging
Proceedings of the 2007 ACM workshop on Privacy in electronic society
A protocol for secure public instant messaging
FC'06 Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Financial Cryptography and Data Security
Full proof cryptography: verifiable compilation of efficient zero-knowledge protocols
Proceedings of the 2012 ACM conference on Computer and communications security
Improved group off-the-record messaging
Proceedings of the 12th ACM workshop on Workshop on privacy in the electronic society
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Most cryptographic algorithms provide a means for secret and authentic communication. However, under many circumstances, the ability to repudiate messages or deny a conversation is no less important than secrecy and authenticity. For whistleblowers, informants, political dissidents and journalists --- to name a few --- it is most important to have means for deniable conversation, where electronic communication must mimic face-to-face private meetings. Off-the-Record Messaging, proposed in 2004 by Borisov, Goldberg and Brewer, and its subsequent improvements, simulate private two-party meetings. Despite some attempts, the multi-party scenario remains unresolved. In this paper, we first identify the properties of multi-party private meetings. We illustrate the differences not only between the physical and electronic medium but also between two- and multi-party scenarios, which have important implications for the design of private chatrooms. We then propose a solution to multi-party off-the-record instant messaging that satisfies the above properties. Our solution is also composable with extensions that provide other properties, such as anonymity.