A Mathematical Theory of Communication
A Mathematical Theory of Communication
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A memory system consisting of bistable static dissipationless units such as ferrites, ferroelectrics, or cryotrons is considered. For a given amount of physical material the memory capacity may be increased by using small volumes of the bistable material for each bit. If made sufficiently small, however, the individual bits will become unreliable because of the influence of thermal agitation and quantum-mechanical tunneling processes. Some unreliability can be tolerated, since it can be compensated by redundancy. The optimum size of the individual bit, for maximum information storage, is evaluated. If thermal agitation is the prime source of errors, then the optimum-sized bit involves typically less than 100 of the independent cooperating units (electron spins, dipoles, et cetera) which cause the bistability. The maximization process concerns itself only with the preservation of information and not with possible methods of access to the individual bit. In particular, the maximization process neglects complications in the coding equipment needed to read in and out of memory.