A Flexible New Technique for Camera Calibration
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Intraoperative Fast 3D Shape Recovery of Abdominal Organs in Laparoscopy
MICCAI '02 Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention-Part II
Bilateral Filtering for Gray and Color Images
ICCV '98 Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Computer Vision
Belief Propagation for Depth Cue Fusion in Minimally Invasive Surgery
MICCAI '08 Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention, Part II
Endoscopic navigation for minimally invasive suturing
MICCAI'07 Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Medical image computing and computer-assisted intervention
3D reconstruction of internal organ surfaces for minimal invasive surgery
MICCAI'07 Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Medical image computing and computer-assisted intervention - Volume Part I
Simultaneous stereoscope localization and soft-tissue mapping for minimal invasive surgery
MICCAI'06 Proceedings of the 9th international conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention - Volume Part I
Template-Based conformal shape-from-motion-and-shading for laparoscopy
IPCAI'12 Proceedings of the Third international conference on Information Processing in Computer-Assisted Interventions
Towards live monocular 3d laparoscopy using shading and specularity information
IPCAI'12 Proceedings of the Third international conference on Information Processing in Computer-Assisted Interventions
Stereoscopic scene flow for robotic assisted minimally invasive surgery
MICCAI'12 Proceedings of the 15th international conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention - Volume Part I
3D reconstruction in laparoscopy with close-range photometric stereo
MICCAI'12 Proceedings of the 15th international conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention - Volume Part II
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This paper describes the first accomplishment of the Time-of-Flight (ToF) measurement principle via endoscope optics. The applicability of the approach is verified by in-vitro experiments. Off-the-shelf ToF camera sensors enable the per-pixel, on-chip, real-time, marker-less acquisition of distance information. The transfer of the emerging ToF measurement technique to endoscope optics is the basis for a new generation of ToF rigid or flexible 3-D endoscopes. No modification of the endoscope optic itself is necessary as only an enhancement of illumination unit and image sensors is necessary. The major contribution of this paper is threefold: First, the accomplishment of the ToF measurement principle via endoscope optics; second, the development and validation of a complete calibration and post-processing routine; third, accomplishment of extensive in-vitro experiments. Currently, a depth measurement precision of 0.89 mm at 20 fps with 3072 3-D points is achieved.