The state of the art in game AI standardisation
Proceedings of the 2006 international conference on Game research and development
The role of semantics in games and simulations
Computers in Entertainment (CIE) - SPECIAL ISSUE: Media Arts (Part II)
Influence points for tactical information in navigation meshes
Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Foundations of Digital Games
The wise cursor: assisted selection in 3D serious games
The Visual Computer: International Journal of Computer Graphics
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Navigational performance of artificial intelligence (AI) characters in computer games is gaining an increasingly important role in the perception of their behavior. While recent games successfully solve some complex navigation problems, there is little known or documented on the underlying approaches, often resembling a primitive conglomerate of ad-hoc algorithms for specific situations. In this paper we develop a generic navigation model which we call semantics-based, because it enables AI to incorporate a wide variety of navigation information into the planning of a character's behavior, including raw geometry, strategic objects, and locomotion abilities. The role of semantics in this domain is highlighted and the presentation of the main components of this semantic navigation model is illustrated with a variety of examples. The semantic navigation model has been validated and implemented within a navigation system for Unreal Engine 3 that requires little level designer intervention, has a rich interface for AI programmers, and can be extended with other types of semantic information. It is concluded that using this navigation model delivers more natural paths, requires fewer world annotation, and supports dynamic re-planning.