Active shape models—their training and application
Computer Vision and Image Understanding
Detecting Faces in Images: A Survey
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Face Recognition: Features Versus Templates
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
A model-based gaze tracking system
IJSIS '96 Proceedings of the 1996 IEEE International Joint Symposia on Intelligence and Systems
Robust 3D Head Tracking Using Camera Pose Estimation
ICPR '06 Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Pattern Recognition - Volume 01
A fast and robust 3D head pose and gaze estimation system
Proceedings of the 8th international conference on Multimodal interfaces
Synergistic Face Detection and Pose Estimation with Energy-Based Models
The Journal of Machine Learning Research
Facial features localization in front view head and shoulders images
ICASSP '99 Proceedings of the Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, 1999. on 1999 IEEE International Conference - Volume 06
Fast Face Orientation Estimation from an Uncalibrated Monocular Camera
CISP '08 Proceedings of the 2008 Congress on Image and Signal Processing, Vol. 4 - Volume 04
The CAS-PEAL Large-Scale Chinese Face Database and Baseline Evaluations
IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part A: Systems and Humans
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This paper presents a robust approach to performing facial pose estimation by examining the behavior of key facial features over a wide range of poses. Such methods are useful in intelligent vision systems for entertainment, human computer interaction, and security. In our approach, faces of varying pose are automatically detected, eyes and mouth are located and an active shape model is superimposed. A facial pose estimator is developed using predictor models based on the position, size, and symmetry of facial features. By modeling these predictors over pose positions with varying yaw and pitch, excellent results are obtained without the need for complex computationally intensive methods.