Numerical recipes in C (2nd ed.): the art of scientific computing
Numerical recipes in C (2nd ed.): the art of scientific computing
Map Matching and Data Association for Large-Scale Two-dimensional Laser Scan-based SLAM
International Journal of Robotics Research
Autonomous driving in urban environments: Boss and the Urban Challenge
Journal of Field Robotics - Special Issue on the 2007 DARPA Urban Challenge, Part I
Junior: The Stanford entry in the Urban Challenge
Journal of Field Robotics - Special Issue on the 2007 DARPA Urban Challenge, Part II
Self-calibration for a 3D laser
International Journal of Robotics Research
Mobile robot 3D map building and path planning based on multi-sensor data fusion
International Journal of Computer Applications in Technology
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Scan-matching is a technique that can be used for building accurate maps and estimating vehicle motion by comparing a sequence of point cloud measurements of the environment taken from a moving sensor. One challenge that arises in mapping applications where the sensor motion is fast relative to the measurement time is that scans become locally distorted and difficult to align. This problem is common when using 3D laser range sensors, which typically require more scanning time than their 2D counterparts. Existing 3D mapping solutions either eliminate sensor motion by taking a "stop-and-scan" approach, or attempt to correct the motion in an open-loop fashion using odometric or inertial sensors. We propose a solution to 3D scan-matching in which a continuous 6DOF sensor trajectory is recovered to correct the point cloud alignments, producing locally accurate maps and allowing for a reliable estimate of the vehicle motion. Our method is applied to data collected from a 3D spinning lidar sensor mounted on a skid-steer loader vehicle to produce quality maps of outdoor scenes and estimates of the vehicle trajectory during the mapping sequences.