The Knowledge Engineering Review
Evaluating user simulations with the Cramér-von Mises divergence
Speech Communication
Learning lexical alignment policies for generating referring expressions in spoken dialogue systems
ENLG '09 Proceedings of the 12th European Workshop on Natural Language Generation
ENLG '09 Proceedings of the 12th European Workshop on Natural Language Generation
Agenda-based user simulation for bootstrapping a POMDP dialogue system
NAACL-Short '07 Human Language Technologies 2007: The Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics; Companion Volume, Short Papers
Learning to adapt to unknown users: referring expression generation in spoken dialogue systems
ACL '10 Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics
Optimising information presentation for spoken dialogue systems
ACL '10 Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics
INLG '10 Proceedings of the 6th International Natural Language Generation Conference
Learning adaptive referring expression generation policies for spoken dialogue systems
Empirical methods in natural language generation
Simulation of the grounding process in spoken dialog systems with Bayesian networks
IWSDS'10 Proceedings of the Second international conference on Spoken dialogue systems for ambient environments
Learning dialogue strategies from older and younger simulated users
SIGDIAL '10 Proceedings of the 11th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue
Adaptive referring expression generation in spoken dialogue systems: evaluation with real users
SIGDIAL '10 Proceedings of the 11th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue
Assessing user simulation for dialog systems using human judges and automatic evaluation measures
Natural Language Engineering
A comparative study of reinforcement learning techniques on dialogue management
EACL '12 Proceedings of the Student Research Workshop at the 13th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics
Generative goal-driven user simulation for dialog management
EMNLP-CoNLL '12 Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning
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We present a new two-tier user simulation model for learning adaptive referring expression generation (REG) policies for spoken dialogue systems using reinforcement learning. Current user simulation models that are used for dialogue policy learning do not simulate users with different levels of domain expertise and are not responsive to referring expressions used by the system. The two-tier model displays these features, that are crucial to learning an adaptive REG policy. We also show that the two-tier model simulates real user behaviour more closely than other baseline models, using the dialogue similarity measure based on Kullback-Leibler divergence.