Computer - IEEE Centennial: the state of computing
Grosch's law re-revisited: CPU power and the cost of computation
Communications of the ACM
A Database Machine for Very Large Relational Databases
IEEE Transactions on Computers
Modelling of centralized concurrency control in a multi-system environment
SIGMETRICS '85 Proceedings of the 1985 ACM SIGMETRICS conference on Measurement and modeling of computer systems
The Sequoia computer: a fault-tolerant tightly-coupled multiprocessor architecture
ISCA '85 Proceedings of the 12th annual international symposium on Computer architecture
ISCA '85 Proceedings of the 12th annual international symposium on Computer architecture
An architecture for high volume transaction processing
ISCA '85 Proceedings of the 12th annual international symposium on Computer architecture
Analysis of Multi-System Function Request Shipping
Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Data Engineering
SOSP '81 Proceedings of the eighth ACM symposium on Operating systems principles
A simple analysis of exclusive and shared lock contention in a database system
SIGMETRICS '84 Proceedings of the 1984 ACM SIGMETRICS conference on Measurement and modeling of computer systems
A performance comparison of multi-micro and mainframe database architectures
SIGMETRICS '87 Proceedings of the 1987 ACM SIGMETRICS conference on Measurement and modeling of computer systems
A Performance Comparison of Multimicro and Mainframe Database Architectures
IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering
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The prospect of coupling a large number of small inexpensive microprocessor based systems to deliver the performance of a large transaction processing system at lower cost has not been realized, to date. Inter-system interference, multi-system coupling protocol overhead and the increased processing time for smaller systems can cause considerable degradation. A methodology is developed to determine the number of processors needed to satisfy transaction throughput and response time requirements for processors of different MIPS (sizes). The minimum MIPS per processor required to satisfy response time, throughput and utilization constraints in a transaction processing complex of N coupled systems is also determined, by using an approximate analytical model driven by measured workload parameters. Despite large assumed cost advantages on a per MIPS basis we find that small systems do not match up to the cost/performance of some larger systems. Besides multi-system's coupling degradation, there is a small system effect. Because of the increased transaction execution time in smaller systems, transaction hold on to resources longer, thereby causing increased inter-system interference. Our cost criterion indicates that there is an optimum processor size below which total system costs would increase appreciably. Ways to reduce the inter-system interference and coupling protocol overheads are investigated and shown to shift this optimum.