A randomized protocol for signing contracts
Communications of the ACM
Value exchange systems enabling security and unobservability
Computers and Security
Optimistic protocols for fair exchange
Proceedings of the 4th ACM conference on Computer and communications security
Efficient verifiable encryption (and fair exchange) of digital signatures
CCS '99 Proceedings of the 6th ACM conference on Computer and communications security
Optimistic Fair Exchange with Transparent Signature Recovery
FC '01 Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Financial Cryptography
Secure rural supply chain management using low cost paper watermarking
Proceedings of the second ACM SIGCOMM workshop on Networked systems for developing regions
Efficient Fair Exchange from Identity-Based Signature
IEICE Transactions on Fundamentals of Electronics, Communications and Computer Sciences
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The absence of reliable network connectivity in the developing world has resulted in the use of paper receipts remaining the de facto standard for tracking transactions of various types. This includes both cash transactions (microfinancerelated disbursements and repayments, purchases, money transfers) and noncash goods (food commodities to/from godowns or warehouses). Such receipts are susceptible to loss, damage and alteration, with the last in particular severely compromising systems which depend on quotas or disbursement and repayment. Similarly, they allow go-betweens and agents to falsify payment or disbursement information and embezzle or misdirect funds or goods. This paper describes Signet, a system which uses the computational power of commodity mobile telephones and security enabled Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) cards to create a secure and auditable record for atomic in-person transactions in the developing world. Signet performs this function at very low operating cost and without requiring continuous connectivity to a trusted third party.