The brain response interface: communication through visually-induced electrical brain responses
Journal of Microcomputer Applications - Special issue on computers for handicapped people
CDMA: principles of spread spectrum communication
CDMA: principles of spread spectrum communication
Steady-state VEP-based brain-computer interface control in an immersive 3D gaming environment
EURASIP Journal on Applied Signal Processing
Fully online multicommand brain-computer interface with visual neurofeedback using SSVEP paradigm
Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience - EEG/MEG Signal Processing
A human computer interface using SSVEP-based BCI technology
FAC'07 Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on Foundations of augmented cognition
Interface design challenge for brain-computer interaction
FAC'11 Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Foundations of augmented cognition: directing the future of adaptive systems
Brain-computer interaction: can multimodality help?
ICMI '11 Proceedings of the 13th international conference on multimodal interfaces
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A brain computer interface (BCI) translates human intentions into control signals to establish a direct communication channel between the human brain and external devices. Because a BCI does not depend on the brain's normal output pathways of peripheral nerves and muscles, it can provide a new communication channel to people with severe motor disabilities. Electroencephalograms (EEGs) recorded from the surface of the scalp are widely used in current BCIs for their non-invasive nature and easy applications. Among EEG based BCIs, systems based on visual evoked potentials (VEPs) have received widespread attention in recent decades. We described the three stimulus modulation approaches used in current VEP based BCIs: time modulation (t-VEP), frequency modulation (f-VEP), and pseudorandom code modulation (c-VEP). We then carried out a detailed comparison of system performance between an f-VEP BCI and a c-VEP BCI. The results show that an f-VEP BCI has the advantage of little or no training and simple system configuration, while the c-VEP based BCI has a higher communication speed. The stimulus modulation design is the crux of VEP based BCI systems.