Adaptive Control
Understanding Intelligence
Cognitive Map Formation Through Sequence Encoding by Theta Phase Precession
Neural Computation
Reinforcement Learning in Continuous Time and Space
Neural Computation
Fuzzy neural network approaches for robotic gait synthesis
IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part B: Cybernetics
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The remarkable capability of living organisms to adapt to unknown environments is due to learning mechanisms that are totally different from the current artificial machinelearning paradigm. Computational media composed of identical elements that have simple activity rules play a major role in biological control, such as the activities of neurons in brains and the molecular interactions in intracellular control. As a result of integrations of the individual activities of the computational media, new behavioral patterns emerge to adapt to changing environments. We previously implemented this feature of biological controls in a form of machine learning and succeeded to realize bipedal walking without the robot model or trajectory planning. Despite the success of bipedal walking, it was a puzzle as to why the individual activities of the computational media could achieve the global behavior. In this paper, we answer this question by taking a statistical approach that connects the individual activities of computational media to global network behaviors. We show that the individual activities can generate optimized behaviors from a particular global viewpoint, i.e., autonomous rhythm generation and learning of balanced postures, without using global performance indices.