Start-time fair queueing: a scheduling algorithm for integrated services packet switching networks
Conference proceedings on Applications, technologies, architectures, and protocols for computer communications
Proceedings of the seventeenth ACM symposium on Operating systems principles
A SMART scheduler for multimedia applications
ACM Transactions on Computer Systems (TOCS)
A proportional share resource allocation algorithm for real-time, time-shared systems
RTSS '96 Proceedings of the 17th IEEE Real-Time Systems Symposium
Xen and the art of virtualization
SOSP '03 Proceedings of the nineteenth ACM symposium on Operating systems principles
Diagnosing performance overheads in the xen virtual machine environment
Proceedings of the 1st ACM/USENIX international conference on Virtual execution environments
Xen and co.: communication-aware CPU scheduling for consolidated xen-based hosting platforms
Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on Virtual execution environments
Optimizing network virtualization in Xen
ATEC '06 Proceedings of the annual conference on USENIX '06 Annual Technical Conference
High performance VMM-bypass I/O in virtual machines
ATEC '06 Proceedings of the annual conference on USENIX '06 Annual Technical Conference
High performance and scalable I/O virtualization via self-virtualized devices
Proceedings of the 16th international symposium on High performance distributed computing
Characterization of network processing overheads in Xen
VTDC '06 Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Virtualization Technology in Distributed Computing
Concurrent Direct Network Access for Virtual Machine Monitors
HPCA '07 Proceedings of the 2007 IEEE 13th International Symposium on High Performance Computer Architecture
Scheduling I/O in virtual machine monitors
Proceedings of the fourth ACM SIGPLAN/SIGOPS international conference on Virtual execution environments
Characterization & analysis of a server consolidation benchmark
Proceedings of the fourth ACM SIGPLAN/SIGOPS international conference on Virtual execution environments
Optimizing Xen VMM Based on Intel® Virtualization Technology
ICICSE '08 Proceedings of the 2008 International Conference on Internet Computing in Science and Engineering
Bridging the gap between software and hardware techniques for I/O virtualization
ATC'08 USENIX 2008 Annual Technical Conference on Annual Technical Conference
Software techniques to improve virtualized I/O performance on multi-core systems
Proceedings of the 4th ACM/IEEE Symposium on Architectures for Networking and Communications Systems
Task-aware virtual machine scheduling for I/O performance.
Proceedings of the 2009 ACM SIGPLAN/SIGOPS international conference on Virtual execution environments
Performance Analysis of Large Receive Offload in a Xen Virtualized System
ICCET '09 Proceedings of the 2009 International Conference on Computer Engineering and Technology - Volume 01
Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Principles, Systems and Applications of IP Telecommunications
Enhancement of Xen's scheduler for MapReduce workloads
Proceedings of the 20th international symposium on High performance distributed computing
RT-Xen: towards real-time hypervisor scheduling in xen
EMSOFT '11 Proceedings of the ninth ACM international conference on Embedded software
Toward under-millisecond I/O latency in Xen-ARM
Proceedings of the Second Asia-Pacific Workshop on Systems
Region scheduling: efficiently using the cache architectures via page-level affinity
ASPLOS XVII Proceedings of the seventeenth international conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems
Scheduler support for video-oriented multimedia on client-side virtualization
Proceedings of the 3rd Multimedia Systems Conference
A case for coordinated resource management in heterogeneous multicore platforms
ISCA'10 Proceedings of the 2010 international conference on Computer Architecture
vSlicer: latency-aware virtual machine scheduling via differentiated-frequency CPU slicing
Proceedings of the 21st international symposium on High-Performance Parallel and Distributed Computing
Adaptive dynamic priority scheduling for virtual desktop infrastructures
Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE 20th International Workshop on Quality of Service
vBalance: using interrupt load balance to improve I/O performance for SMP virtual machines
Proceedings of the Third ACM Symposium on Cloud Computing
Proceedings of the 9th Middleware Doctoral Symposium of the 13th ACM/IFIP/USENIX International Middleware Conference
Network performance isolation for latency-sensitive cloud applications
Future Generation Computer Systems
VCPU shaping for supporting latency sensitive workloads
FGIT'12 Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Future Generation Information Technology
VScope: middleware for troubleshooting time-sensitive data center applications
Proceedings of the 13th International Middleware Conference
Themis: energy efficient management of workloads in virtualized data centers
Euro-Par'12 Proceedings of the 18th international conference on Parallel processing workshops
VGRIS: virtualized GPU resource isolation and scheduling in cloud gaming
Proceedings of the 22nd international symposium on High-performance parallel and distributed computing
Supporting parallel soft real-time applications in virtualized environment
Proceedings of the 22nd international symposium on High-performance parallel and distributed computing
An optimized page translation for mobile virtualization
Proceedings of the 50th Annual Design Automation Conference
Real-time scheduling in cloud-based virtualized software systems
Proceedings of the Second Nordic Symposium on Cloud Computing & Internet Technologies
Small is better: avoiding latency traps in virtualized data centers
Proceedings of the 4th annual Symposium on Cloud Computing
vTurbo: accelerating virtual machine I/O processing using designated turbo-sliced core
USENIX ATC'13 Proceedings of the 2013 USENIX conference on Annual Technical Conference
Cache isolation for virtualization of mixed general-purpose and real-time systems
Journal of Systems Architecture: the EUROMICRO Journal
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Virtualization technology enables server consolidation and has given an impetus to low-cost green data centers. However, current hypervisors do not provide adequate support for real-time applications, and this has limited the adoption of virtualization in some domains. Soft real-time applications, such as media-based ones, are impeded by components of virtualization including low-performance virtualization I/O, increased scheduling latency, and shared-cache contention. The virtual machine scheduler is central to all these issues. The goal in this paper is to adapt the virtual machine scheduler to be more soft-real-time friendly. We improve two aspects of the VMM scheduler -- managing scheduling latency as a first-class resource and managing shared caches. We use enterprise IP telephony as an illustrative soft real-time workload and design a scheduler S that incorporates the knowledge of soft real-time applications in all aspects of the scheduler to support responsiveness. For this we first define a laxity value that can be interpreted as the target scheduling latency that the workload desires. The load balancer is also designed to minimize the latency for real-time tasks. For cache management, we take cache-affinity into account for real time tasks and load-balance accordingly to prevent cache thrashing. We measured cache misses and demonstrated that cache management is essential for soft real time tasks. Although our scheduler S employs a different design philosophy, interestingly enough it can be implemented with simple modifications to the Xen hypervisor's credit scheduler. Our experiments demonstrate that the Xen scheduler with our modifications can support soft real-time guests well, without penalizing non-real-time domains.