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A geo-ontology has a key role to play in the development of a spatially aware search engine, with regard to providing support for query disambiguation, query term expansion, relevance ranking and web resource annotation. This paper reviews those functions and identifies the challenges arising in the construction and maintenance of such an ontology. Two current contenders for the representation of the geo-ontology are GML, a specific markup language for geographic domains and OWL, a generic ontology representation language. Both languages are used to model the geo-ontology designed for supporting web retrieval of geographic concepts. The powers and limitations of the languages are identified. In particular, the paper highlights the lack of representation and reasoning abilities for different types of rules needed for supporting the geo-ontology.