Cryptography and network security (2nd ed.): principles and practice
Cryptography and network security (2nd ed.): principles and practice
SPINS: security protocols for sensor networks
Proceedings of the 7th annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking
LEAP: efficient security mechanisms for large-scale distributed sensor networks
Proceedings of the 10th ACM conference on Computer and communications security
Watermarking relational data: framework, algorithms and analysis
The VLDB Journal — The International Journal on Very Large Data Bases
Encryption overhead in embedded systems and sensor network nodes: modeling and analysis
Proceedings of the 2003 international conference on Compilers, architecture and synthesis for embedded systems
TinySec: a link layer security architecture for wireless sensor networks
SenSys '04 Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems
Practical algorithm for data security (PADS) in wireless sensor networks
MobiDE '07 Proceedings of the 6th ACM international workshop on Data engineering for wireless and mobile access
Resilient rights protection for sensor streams
VLDB '04 Proceedings of the Thirtieth international conference on Very large data bases - Volume 30
A fragile watermarking scheme for detecting malicious modifications of database relations
Information Sciences: an International Journal
Watermarking security: a survey
Transactions on Data Hiding and Multimedia Security I
Analysis and design of secure watermark-based authentication systems
IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security
A survey of security issues in wireless sensor networks
IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials
Semi-fragile watermark for sensor data
International Journal of Internet Protocol Technology
A reversible watermarking authentication scheme for wireless sensor networks
Information Sciences: an International Journal
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Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are used in a variety of applications including military, environmental, and smart spaces. These applications might deal with sensitive information like enemy movements in the battlefield. Sensors are susceptible to various types of attack, such as data modification, data insertion and deletion, or even physical capture and sensor replacement. Therefore, checking the integrity of the transmitted data is critical for WSNs' applications. The inherited constraints in WSNs, e.g., computational capability and limited energy resources, pose extra challenges for providing data security. This makes traditional security techniques, which are based on data encryption, not suitable for WSNs. This paper focuses on the integrity of sensor data in WSNs. Motivated by the work of Guo et al. (2007) we propose a fragile watermarking technique, called light weight chained watermark (LWC watermark), to detect unauthorised data alterations. Watermarking techniques are usually computationally lightweight and do not require much memory resources. We provide detailed security analysis of the proposed LWC watermark and compare it with a recent work of Guo et al. (2007) for watermarking data streams. While the robustness of LWC is similar to that of Guo et al. (2007), LWC offers significant performance improvement. We implemented both techniques (the proposed LWC and Guo et al., 2007) and performed extensive performance experiments. The experimental results on synthetic sensor data streams prove that the proposed LWC watermarking scheme is much faster than Guo et al. (2007) watermarking technique. This makes the proposed schemes more suitable for wireless sensor network environment where computing and power resources are very limited.