Watermarking of uncompressed and compressed video
Signal Processing
Quantization effects on digital watermarks
Signal Processing
Digital watermarking
Image and Video Databases: Restoration, Watermarking and Retrieval
Image and Video Databases: Restoration, Watermarking and Retrieval
Digital Watermarking: From Concepts to Real-Time Video Applications
IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications
Performance Improvement of Spread Spectrum Based Image Watermarking Schemes through M-ary Modulation
IH '99 Proceedings of the Third International Workshop on Information Hiding
IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications
Secure spread spectrum watermarking for multimedia
IEEE Transactions on Image Processing
Hidden digital watermarks in images
IEEE Transactions on Image Processing
IEEE Transactions on Image Processing
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In this paper, we attempt to develop simple but effective formulations for the bit error rate (BER) pertaining to the blind retrieval of spread-spectrum watermarks linearly embedded in compressed video such as MPEG video. Both spatial and discrete cosine transform (DCT) watermarking schemes are considered. A set of formulas is developed to predict the watermark retrieval BER in the presence of distortions due to MPEG encod-ing/decoding operations, cropping attacks, selective DCT-domain embedding, and linear filtering on the watermarked video subject to watermark amplitude and spreading factor variation. The derived formulas are simple to use and they are proven to be successful in reliably predicting the watermark retrieval BER. With the help of such BER formulas, watermark robustness can be more easily fine-tuned without the need for time-consuming simulations.