Algorithms for Scheduling Imprecise Computations
Computer - Special issue on real-time systems
Algorithms for scheduling imprecise computations with timing constraints
SIAM Journal on Computing
IEEE Transactions on Computers
Optimal Reward-Based Scheduling of Periodic Real-Time Tasks
RTSS '99 Proceedings of the 20th IEEE Real-Time Systems Symposium
Maximizing the System Value while Satisfying Time and Energy Constraints
RTSS '02 Proceedings of the 23rd IEEE Real-Time Systems Symposium
On Energy-Constrained Real-Time Scheduling
ECRTS '04 Proceedings of the 16th Euromicro Conference on Real-Time Systems
Next-generation prototyping of sensor networks
SenSys '04 Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems
Voltage Scaling Scheduling for Periodic Real-Time Tasks in Reward Maximization
RTSS '05 Proceedings of the 26th IEEE International Real-Time Systems Symposium
Telos: enabling ultra-low power wireless research
IPSN '05 Proceedings of the 4th international symposium on Information processing in sensor networks
Perpetual environmentally powered sensor networks
IPSN '05 Proceedings of the 4th international symposium on Information processing in sensor networks
Adaptive power management in energy harvesting systems
Proceedings of the conference on Design, automation and test in Europe
Power management in energy harvesting sensor networks
ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems (TECS) - Special Section LCTES'05
Real-time scheduling for energy harvesting sensor nodes
Real-Time Systems
Robust and low complexity rate control for solar powered sensors
Proceedings of the conference on Design, automation and test in Europe
Reward Maximization for Embedded Systems with Renewable Energies
RTCSA '08 Proceedings of the 2008 14th IEEE International Conference on Embedded and Real-Time Computing Systems and Applications
Optimal service level allocation in environmentally powered embedded systems
Proceedings of the 2009 ACM symposium on Applied Computing
Power management in energy harvesting embedded systems with discrete service levels
Proceedings of the 14th ACM/IEEE international symposium on Low power electronics and design
Design of a solar-harvesting circuit for batteryless embedded systems
IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems Part I: Regular Papers
Adaptive Power Management for Environmentally Powered Systems
IEEE Transactions on Computers
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Energy harvesting (also known as energy scavenging) is the process of generating electrical energy from environmental energy sources. There exists a variety of different energy sources such as solar energy, kinetic energy, or thermal energy. In recent years, this term has been frequently applied in the context of small autonomous devices such as wireless sensor nodes. In this article, a framework for energy management in energy harvesting embedded systems is presented. As a possible scenario, we focus on wireless sensor nodes that are powered by solar cells. We demonstrate that classical power management solutions have to be reconceived and/or new problems arise if perpetual operation of the system is required. In particular, we provide a set of algorithms and methods for various application scenarios, including real-time scheduling, application rate control, as well as reward maximization. The goal is to optimize the performance of the application subject to given energy constraints. Our methods optimize the system performance which, for example, allows the usage of smaller solar cells and smaller batteries. Furthermore, we show how to dimension important system parameters like the minimum battery capacity or a sufficient prediction horizon. Our theoretical results are supported by simulations using long-term measurements of solar energy in an outdoor environment. In contrast to previous works, we present a formal framework which is able to capture the performance, the parameters, and the energy model of various energy harvesting systems. We combine different viewpoints, include corresponding simulation results, and provide a thorough discussion of implementation aspects.