How to tell people where to go: comparing navigational aids
International Journal of Man-Machine Studies
Enriching Wayfinding Instructions with Local Landmarks
GIScience '02 Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Geographic Information Science
An Experimental Investigation into Wayfinding Directions for Visually Impaired People
Personal and Ubiquitous Computing
Location Based Services and TeleCartography (Lecture Notes in Geoinformation and Cartography)
Location Based Services and TeleCartography (Lecture Notes in Geoinformation and Cartography)
A space-identifying ubiquitous infrastructure and its application for tour-guiding service
Proceedings of the 2008 ACM symposium on Applied computing
Structural salience of landmarks for route directions
COSIT'05 Proceedings of the 2005 international conference on Spatial Information Theory
A model for context-specific route directions
SC'04 Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Spatial Cognition: reasoning, Action, Interaction
GIScience'10 Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Geographic information science
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This study empirically examined the effectiveness of different methods of presenting route information on a mobile navigation sysyem, for accurate and effortless orientation at subway exits. Specifically, it compared participants' spatial orientation performance with pictures and maps, in relation to the levels of their spatial ability. Participants identified the directions toward the goals after coming onto the ground faster when viewing pictures than when viewing maps. Spatial orientation with maps was more difficult than that with pictures at exits where body rotation was necessary, especially for people with low mental-rotation ability. In contrast, pictures were equally effective for people with low and high mental-rotation ability. Reasons for the effectiveness of pictures and possibilities of using other presentation formats are discussed.