Genetic programming: on the programming of computers by means of natural selection
Genetic programming: on the programming of computers by means of natural selection
The royal tree problem, a benchmark for single and multiple population genetic programming
Advances in genetic programming
How neutral networks influence evolvability
Complexity
Fitness Distance Correlation and Ridge Functions
PPSN V Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Parallel Problem Solving from Nature
On the Utility of Redundant Encodings in Mutation-Based Evolutionary Search
PPSN VII Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Parallel Problem Solving from Nature
Fitness Distance Correlation And Problem Difficulty For Genetic Programming
GECCO '02 Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference
Finding Needles in Haystacks Is Not Hard with Neutrality
EuroGP '02 Proceedings of the 5th European Conference on Genetic Programming
Redundant representations in evolutionary computation
Evolutionary Computation
Finding needles in haystacks is harder with neutrality
GECCO '05 Proceedings of the 7th annual conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation
A Study of Fitness Distance Correlation as a Difficulty Measure in Genetic Programming
Evolutionary Computation
Deceptiveness and neutrality the ND family of fitness landscapes
Proceedings of the 8th annual conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation
Difficulty of unimodal and multimodal landscapes in genetic programming
GECCO'03 Proceedings of the 2003 international conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation: PartII
FOGA'07 Proceedings of the 9th international conference on Foundations of genetic algorithms
Some steps towards understanding how neutrality affects evolutionary search
PPSN'06 Proceedings of the 9th international conference on Parallel Problem Solving from Nature
An Empirical Investigation of How Degree Neutrality Affects GP Search
MICAI '09 Proceedings of the 8th Mexican International Conference on Artificial Intelligence
On the effects of locality in a permutation problem: the Sudoku puzzle
CIG'09 Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Computational Intelligence and Games
Predicting problem difficulty for genetic programming applied to data classification
Proceedings of the 13th annual conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation
Defining locality as a problem difficulty measure in genetic programming
Genetic Programming and Evolvable Machines
Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence
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The neutral theory of molecular evolution and the associated notion of neutrality have interested many researchers in Evolutionary Computation. The hope is that the presence of neutrality can aid evolution. However, despite the vast number of publications on neutrality, there is still a big controversy on its effects. The aim of this paper is to clarify under what circumstances neutrality could aid Genetic Programming using the traditional representation (i.e. treelike structures). For this purpose, we use fitness distance correlation as a measure of hardness. In addition we have conducted extensive empirical experimentation to corroborate the fitness distance correlation predictions. This has been done using two test problems with very different landscape features that represent two extreme cases where the different effects of neutrality can be emphasised. Finally, we study the distances between individuals and global optimum to understand how neutrality affects evolution (at least with the one proposed in this paper).