Conceptual structures: information processing in mind and machine
Conceptual structures: information processing in mind and machine
A theory for the representation of knowledge
IBM Journal of Research and Development
Implementing a semantic interpreter using conceptual graphs
IBM Journal of Research and Development
Conceptual graphs for semantics and knowledge processing
IBM Journal of Research and Development
An artificial intelligence approach to legal reasoning
An artificial intelligence approach to legal reasoning
Expert systems in law
Conceptual graphs for the analysis and generation of sentences
IBM Journal of Research and Development
Definitional mechanisms for restructuring knowledge bases
Methodologies for intelligent systems, 5
Knowledge-based systems and legal applications
Knowledge-based systems and legal applications
Electronic documentation system: using automated hypertext techniques for technical support services
SIGDOC '92 Proceedings of the 10th annual international conference on Systems documentation
Graph-based retrieval of information in hypertext systems
SIGDOC '92 Proceedings of the 10th annual international conference on Systems documentation
Deontic Logic, Computational Linguistics and Legal Information Systems
Deontic Logic, Computational Linguistics and Legal Information Systems
Knowledge Based Systems in Law: In Search of Methodologies and Tools
Knowledge Based Systems in Law: In Search of Methodologies and Tools
Information filtering: the computation of similarities in large corpora of legal texts
ICAIL '95 Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Artificial intelligence and law
Automatic text representation, classification and labeling in European law
Proceedings of the 8th international conference on Artificial intelligence and law
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Knowledge acquisition is undoubtedly one of the major bottle-necks in the development of legal expert systems. Usually the knowledge is collected by knowledge engineers who are forced to make their own interpretations of the knowledge in order to map it on a knowledge representation technique, thus resulting into erroneous and legally unacceptable interpretations of the law. The aim of NOMOS (an EC supported project under the ESPRIT II initiative) was to assist the knowledge engineer by providng tools that perform semi-automatic knowledge acquisition from legal texts in Italian and French. This paper reports on the results of the first evaluation of the knowledge collected by these tools. The evaluation was performed by complementing the tools with a fully functional expert system that accepted the generated knowledge bases and allowed experts to test the completeness of the knowledge through a series of interactive consultations. The knowledge base used for this evaluation was derived from the text for the Italian Value Added Tax Law. The text was pre-processed in its ASCII form by the Nomos tools and the generated knowledge base was filtered through to a conventional expert system shell to generate the evaluation expert system.Knowledge extracted directly from text was converted into a hybrid of production rules and Conceptual Graphs. [see SOWA 1984] Knowledge collected from other sources, such as previously resolved cases, explanations of terms and examples, were linked to the knowledge base using an automated hypertext technique. [see KONSTANTINOU & MORSE 1992] Finally, the expert system was tested using real-life cases supplied by the Italian ministry of finance.