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We organized the KDD cup 2009 around a marketing problem with the goal of identifying data mining techniques capable of rapidly building predictive models and scoring new entries on a large database. Customer Relationship Management (CRM) is a key element of modern marketing strategies. The KDD Cup 2009 offered to participants an opportunity to work on a large marketing database from the French Telecom company Orange. The tasks were to predict the propensity of customers to switch provider (churn), buy new products or services (appetency), or buy upgrades/addons proposed to them to make the sale more profitable (upselling). The challenge, which lasted from March 10 to May 11, 2009, attracted over 450 participants from 46 countries. We attribute its popularity to several factors: (1) A generic problem relevant to the Industry (a classification problem), but presenting a number of scientific and technical challenges, including many missing values (about 60%), a large number of features (15000) and a large number of training examples (50000), unbalanced class proportions (fewer than 10% of the examples of the positive class), noisy data, and the presence of categorical variables with many different values. (2) Prizes (Orange offers 10000 Euros in prizes). (3) A well designed protocol and web site (we benefitted from past experience). (4) An effective advertising campaign using mailings and a teleconference to answer potential participants questions. The results of the challenge were discussed at the KDD conference (June 28, 2009). The principal conclusions are that ensemble methods are very effective and that ensemble of decision trees offer off-the-shelf solutions to problems with large numbers of samples and attributes, mixed types of variables, and lots of missing values. The data and the platform of the challenge remain available for research and educational purposes at http://www.kddcup-orange.com/.