Time synchronization in ad hoc networks
MobiHoc '01 Proceedings of the 2nd ACM international symposium on Mobile ad hoc networking & computing
Distributed Clustering for Ad Hoc Networks
ISPAN '99 Proceedings of the 1999 International Symposium on Parallel Architectures, Algorithms and Networks
Timing-sync protocol for sensor networks
Proceedings of the 1st international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems
HEED: A Hybrid, Energy-Efficient, Distributed Clustering Approach for Ad Hoc Sensor Networks
IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing
Fine-grained network time synchronization using reference broadcasts
OSDI '02 Proceedings of the 5th symposium on Operating systems design and implementationCopyright restrictions prevent ACM from being able to make the PDFs for this conference available for downloading
Frame Synchronization for Variable-Length Packets
IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications
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In this paper, a novel synchronization protocol is proposed especially for Cognitive Radio (CR) networks called CR-Sync. In a CR network, time synchronization is indispensable because of the requirements for coordinated and simultaneous quiet periods for spectrum sensing, as well as the common understanding of time frame/slot in many CR MAC designs. The proposed CR-Sync achieves network-wide time synchronization in a fully distributed manner, i.e., each node performs synchronization individually using CR-Sync. Contrary to many existing synchronization protocols that do not exploit CR attributes, the proposed protocol takes advantage of the potential multiple spectrum holes that are discovered by CR and distributes the synchronization of different pairs of nodes to distinct channels and thus reduces the synchronization time significantly. Detailed analysis of synchronization error and convergence time are provided. Results show that the proposed CR-Sync out-performs other protocols such as TPSN in CR networks.