Eigenfaces vs. Fisherfaces: Recognition Using Class Specific Linear Projection
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
A decision-theoretic generalization of on-line learning and an application to boosting
Journal of Computer and System Sciences - Special issue: 26th annual ACM symposium on the theory of computing & STOC'94, May 23–25, 1994, and second annual Europe an conference on computational learning theory (EuroCOLT'95), March 13–15, 1995
Comprehensive Database for Facial Expression Analysis
FG '00 Proceedings of the Fourth IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition 2000
Distinctive Image Features from Scale-Invariant Keypoints
International Journal of Computer Vision
Dynamics of Facial Expression Extracted Automatically from Video
CVPRW '04 Proceedings of the 2004 Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshop (CVPRW'04) Volume 5 - Volume 05
Histograms of Oriented Gradients for Human Detection
CVPR '05 Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR'05) - Volume 1 - Volume 01
Beyond Bags of Features: Spatial Pyramid Matching for Recognizing Natural Scene Categories
CVPR '06 Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition - Volume 2
Representing shape with a spatial pyramid kernel
Proceedings of the 6th ACM international conference on Image and video retrieval
Independent component analysis of Gabor features for face recognition
IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks
Realistic smile expression recognition using biologically inspired features
AI'11 Proceedings of the 24th international conference on Advances in Artificial Intelligence
Framework for reliable, real-time facial expression recognition for low resolution images
Pattern Recognition Letters
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Recognizing smiles is of much importance for detecting happy moods. Gabor features are conventionally widely applied to facial expression recognition, but the number of Gabor features is usually too large. We proposed to use Pyramid Histogram of Oriented Gradients (PHOG) as the features extracted for smile recognition in this paper. The comparisons between the PHOG and Gabor features using a publicly available dataset demonstrated that the PHOG with a significantly shorter vector length could achieve as high a recognition rate as the Gabor features did. Furthermore, the feature selection conducted by an AdaBoost algorithm was not needed when using the PHOG features. To further improve the recognition performance, we combined these two feature extraction methods and achieved the best smile recognition rate, indicating a good value of the PHOG features for smile recognitions.