Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments - Special issue: Virtual heritage
Identification with the player character as determinant of video game enjoyment
ICEC'07 Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Entertainment Computing
Seeing the bigger picture: a user perspective on 360° TV
Proceedings of the 10th European conference on Interactive tv and video
Player-Avatar Identification in video gaming: Concept and measurement
Computers in Human Behavior
Avatars, characters, players and users: multiple identities at/in play
Proceedings of the 24th Australian Computer-Human Interaction Conference
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In this paper, we present a Player Identification (PI) scale for measuring identification in MMORPGs. Three main dimensions were derived from the literature (1) Avatar (character) Identification, (2) Group (guild) Identification and (3) Game (community) Identification whereby Avatar Identification is a second-order factor consisting of (1a) Perceived Similarity, (1b) Wishful Identification and (1c) Embodied Presence. Based on the results of a cross-sectional survey of 544 World of Warcraft players the measurement instrument's proposed factorial structure was confirmed. Subsequently, the constructs were successfully tested both for convergent and discriminant validity. Finally, evidence for nomological validity was gathered by testing ten theoretically rooted hypotheses regarding the effects of Player Identification. The results showed that Avatar Identification positively predicts Empathy, Proteus effect and the motivations role-play, customization and escapism. Group Identification predicts socializing and relationship, and Game Identification predicts advancement, mechanics and escapism.