A survey of design techniques for system-level dynamic power management
IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems - Special section on low-power electronics and design
Quantitative comparison of power management algorithms
DATE '00 Proceedings of the conference on Design, automation and test in Europe
Cooperative I/O: a novel I/O semantics for energy-aware applications
OSDI '02 Proceedings of the 5th symposium on Operating systems design and implementationCopyright restrictions prevent ACM from being able to make the PDFs for this conference available for downloading
Energy-aware data prefetching for multi-speed disks
Proceedings of the 3rd conference on Computing frontiers
Power management of enterprise storage systems
Power management of enterprise storage systems
FlashCache: a NAND flash memory file cache for low power web servers
CASES '06 Proceedings of the 2006 international conference on Compilers, architecture and synthesis for embedded systems
A design for high-performance flash disks
ACM SIGOPS Operating Systems Review - Systems work at Microsoft Research
Intel® Turbo Memory: Nonvolatile disk caches in the storage hierarchy of mainstream computer systems
ACM Transactions on Storage (TOS)
Memory Systems: Cache, DRAM, Disk
Memory Systems: Cache, DRAM, Disk
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The disk and the DRAM in a typical mobile system consume a significant fraction (up to 30%) of the total system energy. To save on storage energy, the DRAM should be small and the disk should be spun down for long periods of time. We show that this can be achieved for predominantly streaming workloads by connecting the disk to the DRAM via a large non-volatile memory (NVM). We refer to this as the NVM-based architecture (NVMBA); the conventional architecture with only a DRAM and a disk is referred to as DRAMBA. The NVM in the NVMBA acts as a traffic reshaper from the disk to the DRAM. The total system costs are balanced, since the cost increase due to adding the NVM is compensated by the decrease in DRAM cost. We analyze the energy saving of NVMBA, with NAND flash memory serving as NVM, relative to DRAMBA with respect to (1) the streaming demand, (2) the disk form factor, (3) the best-effort provision, and (4) the stream location on the disk. We present a worst-case analysis of the reliability of the disk drive and the flash memory, and show that a small flash capacity is sufficient to operate the system over a year at negligible cost. Disk lifetime is superior to flash, so that is of no concern.