Routing with guaranteed delivery in ad hoc wireless networks
DIALM '99 Proceedings of the 3rd international workshop on Discrete algorithms and methods for mobile computing and communications
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MobiCom '00 Proceedings of the 6th annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking
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Proceedings of the 7th annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking
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WSNA '02 Proceedings of the 1st ACM international workshop on Wireless sensor networks and applications
IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing
RAP: A Real-Time Communication Architecture for Large-Scale Wireless Sensor Networks
RTAS '02 Proceedings of the Eighth IEEE Real-Time and Embedded Technology and Applications Symposium (RTAS'02)
SPEED: A Stateless Protocol for Real-Time Communication in Sensor Networks
ICDCS '03 Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems
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Proceedings of the 1st international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems
CODA: congestion detection and avoidance in sensor networks
Proceedings of the 1st international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems
On greedy geographic routing algorithms in sensing-covered networks
Proceedings of the 5th ACM international symposium on Mobile ad hoc networking and computing
MAP: medial axis based geometric routing in sensor networks
Proceedings of the 11th annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking
A Spatiotemporal Communication Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks
IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems
Beacon vector routing: scalable point-to-point routing in wireless sensornets
NSDI'05 Proceedings of the 2nd conference on Symposium on Networked Systems Design & Implementation - Volume 2
Mobicast: just-in-time multicast for sensor networks under spatiotemporal constraints
IPSN'03 Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Information processing in sensor networks
Virtual coordinates with backtracking for void traversal in geographic routing
ADHOC-NOW'06 Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Ad-Hoc, Mobile, and Wireless Networks
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We consider the problem of real-time data collection in wireless sensor networks, in which data need to be delivered to one or more sinks within end-to-end deadlines. To enhance performance with respect to end-to-end deadline miss ratio, existing approaches schedule packets by prioritizing them based on per-packet deadlines and other factors such as the distance to the sink. However, important factors affecting the end-to-end performance such as queuing delays and buffer overruns have largely been ignored in the existing real-time schemes. Packet prioritization by itself cannot assist with these issues, and may in fact, exacerbate them for real-time data collection, since many high priority packets may simultaneously contend for the constrained network resources. In sensor networks, where the channel bandwidth and buffer space are often quite limited, these issues can dramatically impact real-time performance. Based on this observation, we propose Just-in-Time Scheduling (JiTS) strategies where packets are judiciously delayed within their slack time to reduce contention and load balance the use of the network buffers. We explore several policies for delaying data packets at different intermediate nodes considering potential contention. In addition, we also show that the routing protocol has a significant impact on real-time performance. In particular, shortest path routing leads to considerably better performance than geographic forwarding, which is often used for real-time data transmission in wireless sensor networks. Using an extensive simulation study, we demonstrate that JiTS can significantly improve the deadline miss ratio and packet drop ratio compared to two state-of-the-art approaches for real-time packet delivery for sensor networks (RAP and SPEED) under various scenarios. Notably, JiTS requires neither lower layer (e.g., MAC layer) support nor synchronization among the sensor nodes.