Understanding packet delivery performance in dense wireless sensor networks
Proceedings of the 1st international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems
Medium access control with coordinated adaptive sleeping for wireless sensor networks
IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking (TON)
Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems
Dozer: ultra-low power data gathering in sensor networks
Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Information processing in sensor networks
O-MAC: A Receiver Centric Power Management Protocol
ICNP '06 Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE International Conference on Network Protocols
Cross-Layer Design for Lifetime Maximization in Interference-Limited Wireless Sensor Networks
IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications
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The energy efficiency of the widely used converge-cast pattern depends substantially on the choice of medium access control (MAC) and routing protocol. In this paper, we formalize the maximization of convergecast energy efficiency with respect to its MAC and routing as a resource constrained optimization problem. We then analytically show that this maximization problem is linear in the context of two prototypical MACs -- a locally synchronized wakeup (as in S-MAC) and a locally staggered wakeup MAC (as in O-MAC)-- assuming low, uniform traffic that is delivered reliably and without interference. With this insight, we present a centralized algorithm, MeeCast, that solves the optimization problem utilizing linear programming techniques. We also design a distributed version of MeeCast, for the case where the traffic is ultra-low, and prove that it achieves optimality as well as fast convergence time. Notably, this version is self-stabilizing, so it autonomically handles changes in traffic load, network topology, loss of coordination and state corruption. In comparison with Dozer, a state-of-the-art convergecast protocol, MeeCast achieves better energy efficiency and application lifetime in the context of S-MAC and identical energy efficiency but better application lifetime in the context of O-MAC.