Constructive Backpropagation for Recurrent Networks
Neural Processing Letters
Completely Derandomized Self-Adaptation in Evolution Strategies
Evolutionary Computation
A learning algorithm for continually running fully recurrent neural networks
Neural Computation
A hybrid of genetic algorithm and particle swarm optimization for recurrent network design
IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part B: Cybernetics
An evolutionary algorithm that constructs recurrent neural networks
IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks
Neurocontrol of nonlinear dynamical systems with Kalman filter trained recurrent networks
IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks
IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks
Gradient calculations for dynamic recurrent neural networks: a survey
IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks
Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence
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Training of recurrent neural networks (RNNs) is known to be a very difficult task. This work proposes a novel constructive method for simultaneous structure and parameter training of Elman-type RNNs using a combination of particle swarm optimization (PSO) and covariance matrix adaptation based evolutionary strategy (CMA-ES). The proposed method allows the imposition of certain stability conditions, which can be maintained throughout the constructive process. The examples reported show a monotonic decrease in training error throughout the constructive process and also demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed method for structure and parameter training of RNNs.