Fundamentals of speech recognition
Fundamentals of speech recognition
Mode-Finding for Mixtures of Gaussian Distributions
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Data-driven production models for speech processing
Data-driven production models for speech processing
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It is known that some speech sounds are produced by more than a single vocal tract shape. Here, we study to what extent individual articulators (e.g. the tongue tip) are constrained by a given acoustic frame. We use parametric and nonparametric methods for articulatory inversion and quantify the error incurred by inversion methods, and the dimensionality and multimodality of the inverse region in articulatory space that corresponds to a speech sound.