Flow level detection and filtering of low-rate DDoS
Computer Networks: The International Journal of Computer and Telecommunications Networking
Detecting latent attack behavior from aggregated Web traffic
Computer Communications
Securing business processes using security risk-oriented patterns
Computer Standards & Interfaces
Strengthening the security of cognitive packet networks
International Journal of Advanced Intelligence Paradigms
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Denial of service (DoS) is a prevalent threat in today's networks because DoS attacks are easy to launch, while defending a network resource against them is disproportionately difficult. Despite the extensive research in recent years, DoS attacks continue to harm, as the attackers adapt to the newer protection mechanisms. For this reason, we start our survey with a historical timeline of DoS incidents, where we illustrate the variety of types, targets and motives for such attacks and how they evolved during the last two decades. We then provide an extensive literature review on the existing research on DoS protection with an emphasis on the research of the last years and the most demanding aspects of defence. These include traceback, detection, classification of incoming traffic, response in the presence of an attack and mathematical modelling of attack and defence mechanisms. Our discussion aims to identify the trends in DoS attacks, the weaknesses of protection approaches and the qualities that modern ones should exhibit, so as to suggest new directions that DoS research can follow.