Watermarking of uncompressed and compressed video
Signal Processing
A 3D Wavelet Based Spatial-Temporal Approach for Video Watermarking
ICCIMA '03 Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Multimedia Applications
Assessing motion-coherency in video watermarking
MM&Sec '06 Proceedings of the 8th workshop on Multimedia and security
Secure spread spectrum watermarking for multimedia
IEEE Transactions on Image Processing
Motion-compensated 3-D subband coding of video
IEEE Transactions on Image Processing
Three-dimensional subband coding of video
IEEE Transactions on Image Processing
Multiresolution watermarking for images and video
IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology
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Frame-by-frame video watermark embedding without considering motion, results in flicker and other motion mismatch artifacts in the watermarked video. Motion compensated temporal filtering (MCTF) provides a better framework for video watermarking by accounting object motion. However, depending on motion and texture characteristics of the video and the choice of spatial-temporal sub band for watermark embedding, MCTF has to be performed either on the spatial domain (t+2D) or in the wavelet domain (2D+t). In this work we propose improved video watermarking schemes by offering a generalized motion compensated 2D+t+2D framework for watermark embedding. An improved MCTF is used by modifying the MCTF update step to follow the motion trajectory in hierarchical temporal decomposition by using direct motion vector fields in the update step and implied motion vectors in the prediction step. The proposed 2D+t+2D framework with the modified MCTF-based watermarking shows better embedding distortion in terms of both mean square error and flicker metric for various combinations of spatial-temporal decompositions, compared to the existing frame-by-frame and t+2D domain video watermarking. The proposed scheme outperforms the conventional t+2D watermarking in terms of robustness performance, particularly for blind watermarking schemes where the motion is estimated from the watermarked video.