A maximum likelihood approach to continuous speech recognition
Readings in speech recognition
PAT-tree-based keyword extraction for Chinese information retrieval
Proceedings of the 20th annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval
Subword-based approaches for spoken document retrieval
Subword-based approaches for spoken document retrieval
Chinese word segmentation based on maximum matching and word binding force
COLING '96 Proceedings of the 16th conference on Computational linguistics - Volume 1
Spoken document retrieval from call-center conversations
SIGIR '06 Proceedings of the 29th annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval
Position specific posterior lattices for indexing speech
ACL '05 Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics
Searching the audio notebook: keyword search in recorded conversations
HLT '05 Proceedings of the conference on Human Language Technology and Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing
HLT-NAACL '06 Proceedings of the main conference on Human Language Technology Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association of Computational Linguistics
Soft indexing of speech content for search in spoken documents
Computer Speech and Language
Vocabulary independent spoken term detection
SIGIR '07 Proceedings of the 30th annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval
Indexing confusion networks for morph-based spoken document retrieval
SIGIR '07 Proceedings of the 30th annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval
Word and sub-word indexing approaches for reducing the effects of OOV queries on spoken audio
HLT '02 Proceedings of the second international conference on Human Language Technology Research
ISCSLP'06 Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Chinese Spoken Language Processing
Approaches to reduce the effects of OOV queries on indexed spoken audio
IEEE Transactions on Multimedia
Spoken Content Retrieval: A Survey of Techniques and Technologies
Foundations and Trends in Information Retrieval
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Lattice-based speech indexing approaches are attractive for the combination of short spoken segments, short queries, and low automatic speech recognition (ASR) accuracies, as lattices provide recognition alternatives and therefore tend to compensate for recognition errors. Position-specific posterior lattices (PSPLs) and confusion networks (CNs), two of the most popular lattice-based approaches, both reduce disk space requirements and are more efficient than raw lattices. When PSPLs and CNs are used in a word-based fashion, they cannot handle OOV or rare word queries. In this paper, we propose an efficient approach for the construction of subword-based PSPLs (S-PSPLs) and CNs (S-CNs) and present a comprehensive performance analysis of PSPL and CN structures using both words and subword units, taking into account basic principles and structures, and supported by experimental results on Mandarin Chinese. S-PSPLs and S-CNs are shown to yield significant mean average precision (MAP) improvements over word-based PSPLs and CNs for both out-of-vocabulary (OOV) and in-vocabulary queries while requiring much less disk space for indexing.