Image-based multimodal face authentication
Signal Processing
Independent component analysis: algorithms and applications
Neural Networks
Person Identification Using Multiple Cues
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Perceiving Biological Motion: Dissociating Visible Speech from Walking
Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
Discrete-time speech signal processing: principles and practice
Discrete-time speech signal processing: principles and practice
A survey of approaches and challenges in 3D and multi-modal 3D+2D face recognition
Computer Vision and Image Understanding
A review of speech-based bimodal recognition
IEEE Transactions on Multimedia
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In this article, we propose a novel multimedia sensor fusion approach based on heterogeneous sensors for biometric access control applications. The proposed fusion technique uses multiple acoustic and visual sensors for extracting dominant biometric cues, and combines them with nondominant cues. The performance evaluation of the proposed fusion protocol and a novel cascaded authentication approach using a 3D stereovision database shows a significant improvement in performance and robustness, with equal error rates of 42.9% (audio only), 32% (audio + 3D face + 2D lip features), 15% (audio + 3D face + 2D eye features), and 7.3% (audio-3D face + 2D lip + 2D eye-eyebrows) respectively.