Reliable root detection with the qd-algorithm: When Bernoulli, Hadamard and Rutishauser cooperate

  • Authors:
  • Hassane Allouche;Annie Cuyt

  • Affiliations:
  • Faculté des Sciences, Département de Mathématiques et Informatique, B.P. 4010 Beni M'hamed Meknes, Morocco;Universiteit Antwerpen, Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Middelheimlaan 1, B-2020 Antwerpen, Belgium

  • Venue:
  • Applied Numerical Mathematics
  • Year:
  • 2010

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Abstract

When using Rutishauser's qd-algorithm for the determination of the roots of a polynomial (originally the poles of a meromorphic function), or for related problems, conditions have been formulated for the interpretation of the computed q- and e-values. For a correct interpretation, the so-called critical indices play a crucial role. They index a column of e-values that tends to zero because of a jump in modulus among the poles. For more than 50 years the qd-algorithm in exact arithmetic was considered to be fully understood. In this presentation we push the detailed theoretical investigation of the qd-algorithm even further and we present a new aspect that seems to have been overlooked. We indicate a new element that makes a column of e-values tend to zero, namely a jump in multiplicity among equidistant poles. This result is obtained by combining the qd-algorithm with a deflation technique, and hence mainly relying on Bernoulli's method and Hadamard's formally orthogonal polynomials. Our results round up the theoretical analysis of the qd-algorithm as formulated in its original form, and are of importance in a variety of practical applications as outlined in the introduction.