Self-adjusting binary search trees
Journal of the ACM (JACM)
The pairing heap: a new form of self-adjusting heap
Algorithmica
Balanced Search Trees Made Simple
WADS '93 Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Algorithms and Data Structures
ATEC '99 Proceedings of the annual conference on USENIX Annual Technical Conference
A dichromatic framework for balanced trees
SFCS '78 Proceedings of the 19th Annual Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science
WADS '09 Proceedings of the 11th International Symposium on Algorithms and Data Structures
Binary B-trees for virtual memory
SIGFIDET '71 Proceedings of the 1971 ACM SIGFIDET (now SIGMOD) Workshop on Data Description, Access and Control
Deletion without Rebalancing in Multiway Search Trees
ISAAC '09 Proceedings of the 20th International Symposium on Algorithms and Computation
Cache craftiness for fast multicore key-value storage
Proceedings of the 7th ACM european conference on Computer Systems
Deletion without rebalancing in multiway search trees
ACM Transactions on Database Systems (TODS)
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We address the vexing issue of deletions in balanced trees. Rebalancing after a deletion is generally more complicated than rebalancing after an insertion. Textbooks neglect deletion rebalancing, and many database systems do not do it. We describe a relaxation of AVL trees in which rebalancing is done after insertions but not after deletions, yet access time remains logarithmic in the number of insertions. For many applications of balanced trees, our structure offers performance competitive with that of classical balanced trees. With the addition of periodic rebuilding, the performance of our structure is theoretically superior to that of many if not all classic balanced tree structures. Our structure needs O(log log m) bits of balance information per node, where m is the number of insertions, or O(log log n) with periodic rebuilding, where n is the number of nodes. An insertion takes up to two rotations and O(1) amortized time. Using an analysis that relies on an exponential potential function, we show that rebalancing steps occur with a frequency that is exponentially small in the height of the affected node.