Large haptic topographic maps: marsview and the proxy graph algorithm
I3D '03 Proceedings of the 2003 symposium on Interactive 3D graphics
Feeling what you hear: tactile feedback for navigation of audio graphs
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Tac-tiles: multimodal pie charts for visually impaired users
Proceedings of the 4th Nordic conference on Human-computer interaction: changing roles
Proceedings of the 12th international ACM SIGACCESS conference on Computers and accessibility
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Graphs and charts are frequently used in school, work and everyday living. However, traditional techniques of providing this information to individuals who are visually impaired are cumbersome and slow. Refreshable tactile displays have been developed and used to display line graphs, bar graphs and pie charts. In this paper, we investigate the use of a haptic matrix-like display that can produce multiple amplitude levels and multiple frequencies for displaying contour plots. Experiments were performed to compare performance and usability for the two different methods. According to preliminary results, the use of amplitude variation provides the user with a more accurate awareness of contour level differences than frequency variation.