Intraocular surgery on a virtual eye
Communications of the ACM - How the virtual inspires the real
Virtual Reality Vitrectomy Simulator
MICCAI '98 Proceedings of the First International Conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention
A state machine for real-time cutting of tetrahedral meshes
Graphical Models - Special issue on pacific graphics 2003
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This paper presents a virtual reality based simulator prototype for learning phacoemulsification in cataract surgery, with focus on the skills required for making a cross-shape trench in cataractous lens by an ultrasound probe during the phaco-sculpting procedure. An immersive virtual environment is created with 3D models of the lens and surgical tools. Haptic device is also used as 3D user interface. Phaco-sculpting is simulated by interactively deleting the constituting tetrahedrons of the lens model. Collisions between the virtual probe and the lens are effectively identified by partitioning the space containing the lens hierarchically with an octree. The simulator can be programmed to collect real-time quantitative user data for reviewing and assessing trainee's performance in an objective manner. A game-based learning environment can be created on top of the simulator by incorporating gaming elements based on the quantifiable performance metrics.