The algorithmic beauty of plants
The algorithmic beauty of plants
Viability theory
Botanical computing: a developmental approach to generating interconnect topologies on an amorphous computer
Programmable self-assembly: constructing global shape using biologically-inspired local interactions and origami mathematics
Infrastructure for Engineered Emergence on Sensor/Actuator Networks
IEEE Intelligent Systems
Biologically-inspired self-assembly of two-dimensional shapes using global-to-local compilation
IJCAI'03 Proceedings of the 18th international joint conference on Artificial intelligence
Self-organized sorting of heterotypic agents via a chemotaxis paradigm
Science of Computer Programming
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The engineering of grown systems poses fundamentally different system integration challenges than ordinary engineering of static designs. On the one hand, a grown system must be capable of surviving not only in its final form, but at every intermediate stage, despite the fact that its subsystems may grow unevenly or be subject to different scaling laws. On the other hand, the ability to grow offers much greater potential for adaptation, either to changes in the environment or to internal stresses developed as the system grows. I observe that the ability of subsystems to tolerate stress can be used to transform incremental adaptation into the dynamic discovery of viable growth trajectories for the system as a whole. Using this observation, I propose an engineering approach based on functional blueprints, under which a system is specified in terms of desired performance and means of incrementally correcting deficiencies. I demonstrate this approach by applying it to integrate simplified models of tissue growth and vascularization, then further demonstrate how the composed system may itself be modulated for use as a component in a more complex design.