A tutorial survey of job-shop scheduling problems using genetic algorithms—I: representation
Computers and Industrial Engineering
Future Generation Computer Systems
Ant Colony Optimization
Genetic algorithm with ant colony optimization (GA-ACO) for multiple sequence alignment
Applied Soft Computing
NCM '09 Proceedings of the 2009 Fifth International Joint Conference on INC, IMS and IDC
Hybrid Metaheuristics: An Emerging Approach to Optimization
Hybrid Metaheuristics: An Emerging Approach to Optimization
Ant colony system: a cooperative learning approach to the traveling salesman problem
IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation
Adaptable swarm intelligence framework
Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Web Intelligence, Mining and Semantics
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Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) differs substantially from other meta-heuristics such as Evolutionary Algorithms (EA). Two of its distinctive features are: (i) it is constructive rather than based on iterative improvements, and (ii) it employs problem knowledge in the construction process via the heuristic function, which is essential for its success. In this paper, we introduce the ACO encoding, which is a self-contained algorithmic component that can be readily used to make available these two particular features of ACO to any search algorithm for continuous spaces based on iterative improvements to solve combinatorial optimization problems.