Nonvisual presentation of graphical user interfaces: contrasting two approaches
CHI '94 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Tactile-based direct manipulation in GUIs for blind users
CHI '95 Conference Companion on Human Factors in Computing Systems
A tactile web browser for the visually disabled
Proceedings of the sixteenth ACM conference on Hypertext and hypermedia
Feeling what you hear: tactile feedback for navigation of audio graphs
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Towards developing assistive haptic feedback for visually impaired internet users
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
An empirical investigation into the difficulties experienced by visually impaired Internet users
Universal Access in the Information Society
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Recent developments in tactile technologies have made them an attractive choice to improve access to non-visual interfaces. This paper describes the design and evaluation of an extension to an existing browser, which enables blind individuals to explore web pages using tactile feedback. Pins are presented via a tactile mouse to communicate the presence of graphical interface objects. Findings from an evaluation have revealed that fifteen participants were able to learn the tactile HTML mappings developed, and were able to perform a range of web-based tasks in a less constrained manner than using a screen reader alone. The mappings presented in this paper, can be used by web developers with limited experience of tactile design, to widen access to their sites.