Learning internal representations by error propagation
Parallel distributed processing: explorations in the microstructure of cognition, vol. 1
White paper on spoken language systems
HLT '89 Proceedings of the workshop on Speech and Natural Language
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A Static Model (SM) in the form of a single vector is proposed to represent the temporal properties of a sequence of speech feature vectors. In contrast to a Hidden Markov Model which captures the conditional probabilities of state transitions of consecutive observations Xt and Xt+1 over times of SM captures their average joint probabilities of belonging to a pair of phonetic classes ωi and ωj without any Markovian assumption. SM is tested with isolated words derived from the TIMIT database as well as artificially created words. The vocabulary is a subset of TIMIT consisting of twenty one words derived from the two "sa" sentences spoken by 420 speakers. The artificial vocabulary of 10 words is designed to study the limitations of SM. Experimental results indicate that apart from a rather mild limitation of SM in handling certain type of vocabulary. SM actually performs better than baselined Continuous Hidden Markov Models (CHMM) in terms of recognition rate as far as isolated word recognition is concerned and it takes only 60% of the time needed by CHMM in recognition.