The revised ARPANET routing metric
SIGCOMM '89 Symposium proceedings on Communications architectures & protocols
Data networks (2nd ed.)
Routing in communications networks
Routing in communications networks
An unslotted multichannel channel-access protocol for distributed direct-sequence networks
Mobile Networks and Applications
Routing with load balancing in wireless Ad hoc networks
MSWIM '01 Proceedings of the 4th ACM international workshop on Modeling, analysis and simulation of wireless and mobile systems
On the impact of alternate path routing for load balancing in mobile ad hoc networks
MobiHoc '00 Proceedings of the 1st ACM international symposium on Mobile ad hoc networking & computing
Proceedings of the 4th ACM international symposium on Mobile ad hoc networking & computing
QoS-aware routing based on bandwidth estimation for mobile ad hoc networks
IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications
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We present a new distributed routing protocol for direct-sequence spread-spectrum, mobile ad hoc packet radio networks that contain a mix of nodes with directional antennas and nodes with omnidirectional antennas. Two components of the routing protocol are jointly designed: a new congestionbased link metric that is utilized to identify multiple routes with low levels of congestion and a new forwarding protocol that can dynamically split traffic among the multiple routes based on the relative capabilities of the routes. To be able to efficiently exploit the nodes with the directional antennas, our routing approach accounts for the additional capabilities of these nodes and utilizes multiple routes to a destination if the routes exhibit low mutual coupling. We show that our joint routing and forwarding approach provides substantial improvements in network performance compared to a scheme that simply selects minimum-hop routes. Our investigations demonstrate that the most significant gains in network performance are achieved in networks in which there is a mix of nodes with different types of antennas, but gains in network performance are also achieved in networks in which all nodes employ omnidirectional antennas only.