Quantization effects on digital watermarks
Signal Processing
Group-oriented fingerprinting for multimedia forensics
EURASIP Journal on Applied Signal Processing
Fingerprinting compressed multimedia signals
IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security
A note on the limits of collusion-resistant watermarks
EUROCRYPT'99 Proceedings of the 17th international conference on Theory and application of cryptographic techniques
Collusion-resistant fingerprinting scheme based on the CDMA-technique
IWSEC'07 Proceedings of the Security 2nd international conference on Advances in information and computer security
Collusion secure convolutional spread spectrum fingerprinting
IWDW'05 Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Digital Watermarking
Joint coding and embedding techniques for MultimediaFingerprinting
IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security
Behavior forensics for scalable multiuser collusion: fairness versus effectiveness
IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security
Traitor-Within-Traitor Behavior Forensics: Strategy and Risk Minimization
IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security
Secure spread spectrum watermarking for multimedia
IEEE Transactions on Image Processing
Forensic analysis of nonlinear collusion attacks for multimedia fingerprinting
IEEE Transactions on Image Processing
Anti-collusion forensics of multimedia fingerprinting using orthogonal modulation
IEEE Transactions on Image Processing
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In spread spectrum fingerprinting, it has been considered that the strength of the embedded signal is reduced to 1/c of its original value when c copies are averaged by colluders. In this study, we analyze the model of the averaging attack by considering quantization that causes nonlinear changes in the fingerprint sequence. Our detailed analysis reveals that the attenuation of the signal energy strongly depends on the quantization performed during the embedding and averaging stages. We estimate the actual attenuation factor from the perspective of a stochastic model in the spatial domain and derive an attenuation factor that differs considerably from the conventional one. Our simulation result indicates that the actual attenuation factor is classified into the best and worst cases from the detector's perspective. Furthermore, we demonstrate that colluders can select the worst case by comparing their fingerprinted copies. A countermeasure for preventing the worst-case scenario is also proposed in this paper.