End-to-end routing behavior in the Internet
IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking (TON)
On power-law relationships of the Internet topology
Proceedings of the conference on Applications, technologies, architectures, and protocols for computer communication
Measuring ISP topologies with rocketfuel
Proceedings of the 2002 conference on Applications, technologies, architectures, and protocols for computer communications
Topology Discovery by Active Probing
SAINT-W '02 Proceedings of the 2002 Symposium on Applications and the Internet (SAINT) Workshops
Towards an accurate AS-level traceroute tool
Proceedings of the 2003 conference on Applications, technologies, architectures, and protocols for computer communications
In search of path diversity in ISP networks
Proceedings of the 3rd ACM SIGCOMM conference on Internet measurement
DIMES: let the internet measure itself
ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review
Avoiding traceroute anomalies with Paris traceroute
Proceedings of the 6th ACM SIGCOMM conference on Internet measurement
iPlane: an information plane for distributed services
OSDI '06 Proceedings of the 7th USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation - Volume 7
Observing the evolution of internet as topology
Proceedings of the 2007 conference on Applications, technologies, architectures, and protocols for computer communications
Measuring load-balanced paths in the internet
Proceedings of the 7th ACM SIGCOMM conference on Internet measurement
In search of the elusive ground truth: the internet's as-level connectivity structure
SIGMETRICS '08 Proceedings of the 2008 ACM SIGMETRICS international conference on Measurement and modeling of computer systems
Discarte: a disjunctive internet cartographer
Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM 2008 conference on Data communication
Traceroute probe method and forward IP path inference
Proceedings of the 8th ACM SIGCOMM conference on Internet measurement
Fixing ally's growing pains with velocity modeling
Proceedings of the 8th ACM SIGCOMM conference on Internet measurement
Lord of the links: a framework for discovering missing links in the internet topology
IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking (TON)
Where the sidewalk ends: extending the internet as graph using traceroutes from P2P users
Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Emerging networking experiments and technologies
Internet-scale IP alias resolution techniques
ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review
Quantifying the pitfalls of traceroute in AS connectivity inference
PAM'10 Proceedings of the 11th international conference on Passive and active measurement
The 3rd workshop on active internet measurements (AIMS-3) report
ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review
Proceedings of the 2012 ACM conference on Internet measurement conference
Detecting third-party addresses in traceroute traces with IP timestamp option
PAM'13 Proceedings of the 14th international conference on Passive and Active Measurement
DataTraffic Monitoring and Analysis
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Data collected using traceroute-based algorithms underpins research into the Internet's router-level topology, though it is possible to infer false links from this data. One source of false inference is the combination of per-flow load-balancing, in which more than one path is active from a given source to destination, and classic traceroute, which varies the UDP destination port number or ICMP checksum of successive probe packets, which can cause per-flow load-balancers to treat successive packets as distinct flows and forward them along different paths. Consequently, successive probe packets can solicit responses from unconnected routers, leading to the inference of false links. This paper examines the inaccuracies induced from such false inferences, both on macroscopic and ISP topology mapping. We collected macroscopic topology data to 365k destinations, with techniques that both do and do not try to capture load balancing phenomena. We then use alias resolution techniques to infer if a measurement artifact of classic traceroute induces a false router-level link. This technique detected that 2.71% and 0.76% of the links in our UDP and ICMP graphs were falsely inferred due to the presence of load-balancing. We conclude that most per-flow load-balancing does not induce false links when macroscopic topology is inferred using classic traceroute. The effect of false links on ISP topology mapping is possibly much worse, because the degrees of a tier-1 ISP's routers derived from classic traceroute were inflated by a median factor of 2.9 as compared to those inferred with Paris traceroute.