Directed diffusion: a scalable and robust communication paradigm for sensor networks
MobiCom '00 Proceedings of the 6th annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking
Data Gathering Algorithms in Sensor Networks Using Energy Metrics
IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems
TAG: a Tiny AGgregation service for ad-hoc sensor networks
ACM SIGOPS Operating Systems Review - OSDI '02: Proceedings of the 5th symposium on Operating systems design and implementation
Versatile low power media access for wireless sensor networks
SenSys '04 Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems
Synopsis diffusion for robust aggregation in sensor networks
SenSys '04 Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems
Tributaries and deltas: efficient and robust aggregation in sensor network streams
Proceedings of the 2005 ACM SIGMOD international conference on Management of data
Constraint chaining: on energy-efficient continuous monitoring in sensor networks
Proceedings of the 2006 ACM SIGMOD international conference on Management of data
Comparing energy-saving MAC protocols for wireless sensor networks
Mobile Networks and Applications
RTSS '06 Proceedings of the 27th IEEE International Real-Time Systems Symposium
Query Processing in Sensor Networks
IEEE Pervasive Computing
An Information Driven Sensornet Architecture
SENSORCOMM '09 Proceedings of the 2009 Third International Conference on Sensor Technologies and Applications
An energy efficient cross-layer MAC protocol for wireless sensor networks
APWeb'06 Proceedings of the 2006 international conference on Advanced Web and Network Technologies, and Applications
The state of the art in cross-layer design for wireless sensor networks
EURO-NGI'05 Proceedings of the Second international conference on Wireless Systems and Network Architectures in Next Generation Internet
Data-aggregation techniques in sensor networks: a survey
IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials
In-network aggregation techniques for wireless sensor networks: a survey
IEEE Wireless Communications
An application-specific protocol architecture for wireless microsensor networks
IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications
IEEE Communications Magazine
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Since energy is scarce in sensor nodes, wireless sensor networks aim to transmit as few packets as possible. To achieve this goal, sensor protocols often aggregate measured data from multiple sensor nodes into a single packet. In this paper, a survey of aggregation techniques and methods is given. Based on this survey, it is concluded that there are currently several dependencies between the aggregation method and the behavior of the other network layers. As a result, existing aggregation methods can often not be combined with different routing protocols. To remedy this shortcoming, the paper introduces a new 'non-intrusive' aggregation approach which is independent of the routing protocol. The proposed aggregation method is evaluated and compared to traditional aggregation approaches using a large-scale sensor testbed of 200 TMoteSky sensor nodes. Our experimental results indicate that existing aggregation approaches are only suited for a limited set of network scenarios. In addition, it is shown both mathematically and experimentally that our approach outperforms existing non-intrusive techniques in a wide range of scenarios.