A Two-Variable Fragment of English
Journal of Logic, Language and Information
Understanding Formal Methods
Knowledge Representation in CGLF, CGIF, KIF, Frame-CG and Formalized-English
ICCS '02 Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Conceptual Structures: Integration and Interfaces
The KANTOO Machine Translation Environment
AMTA '00 Proceedings of the 4th Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas on Envisioning Machine Translation in the Information Future
Attempto Controlled English for Knowledge Representation
Reasoning Web
A Novel Architecture for Situation Awareness Systems
TABLEAUX '09 Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Automated Reasoning with Analytic Tableaux and Related Methods
CLOnE: controlled language for ontology editing
ISWC'07/ASWC'07 Proceedings of the 6th international The semantic web and 2nd Asian conference on Asian semantic web conference
How useful are natural language interfaces to the semantic web for casual end-users?
ISWC'07/ASWC'07 Proceedings of the 6th international The semantic web and 2nd Asian conference on Asian semantic web conference
Rabbit: developing a control natural language for authoring ontologies
ESWC'08 Proceedings of the 5th European semantic web conference on The semantic web: research and applications
Controlled English for reasoning on the semantic web
Semantic techniques for the web
Naturalness vs. predictability: a key debate in controlled languages
CNL'09 Proceedings of the 2009 conference on Controlled natural language
GINO – a guided input natural language ontology editor
ISWC'06 Proceedings of the 5th international conference on The Semantic Web
The business service representation language: a preliminary report
ServiceWave'10 Proceedings of the 2010 international conference on Towards a service-based internet
Processing coordinated structures in PENG light
AI'11 Proceedings of the 24th international conference on Advances in Artificial Intelligence
Working with events and states in PENG light
CNL'10 Proceedings of the Second international conference on Controlled Natural Language
Processing incomplete temporal information in controlled natural language
PRICAI'12 Proceedings of the 12th Pacific Rim international conference on Trends in Artificial Intelligence
Implementing database access control policy from unconstrained natural language text
Proceedings of the 2013 International Conference on Software Engineering
Generating natural language descriptions from OWL ontologies: the natural OWL system
Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research
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This paper presents a survey of research in controlled natural languages that can be used as high-level knowledge representation languages. Over the past 10 years or so, a number of machine-oriented controlled natural languages have emerged that can be used as high-level interface languages to various kinds of knowledge systems. These languages are relevant to the area of computational linguistics since they have two very interesting properties: firstly, they look informal like natural languages and are therefore easier to write and understand by humans than formal languages; secondly, they are precisely defined subsets of natural languages and can be translated automatically (and often deterministically) into a formal target language and then be used for automated reasoning. We present and compare the most mature of these novel languages, show how they can balance the disadvantages of natural languages and formal languages for knowledge representation, and discuss how domain specialists can be supported writing specifications in controlled natural language.