Lattice basis reduction: improved practical algorithms and solving subset sum problems
Mathematical Programming: Series A and B
A universal lattice code decoder for fading channels
IEEE Transactions on Information Theory
On maximum-likelihood detection and the search for the closest lattice point
IEEE Transactions on Information Theory
Algorithm and implementation of the K-best sphere decoding for MIMO detection
IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications
Algorithm and hardware complexity reduction techniques for k-best sphere decoders
Proceedings of the 20th symposium on Great lakes symposium on VLSI
Reconfigurable real-time MIMO detector on GPU
Asilomar'09 Proceedings of the 43rd Asilomar conference on Signals, systems and computers
VLSI implementation of a fixed-complexity soft-output MIMO detector for high-speed wireless
EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking
Implementation of sphere decoder for MIMO-OFDM on FPGAs using high-level synthesis tools
Analog Integrated Circuits and Signal Processing
Area-Efficient Antenna-Scalable MIMO Detector for K-best Sphere Decoding
Journal of Signal Processing Systems
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Spatial division multiplexing (SDM) in MIMO technology significantly increases the spectral efficiency, and hence capacity, of a wireless communication system: it is a core component of the next generation wireless systems, e.g. WiMAX, 3GPP LTE and other OFDM-based communication schemes. Moreover, spatial division multiple access (SDMA) is one of the widely used techniques for sharing the wireless medium between different mobile devices. Sphere detection is a prominent method of simplifying the detection complexity in both SDM and SDMA systems while maintaining BER performance comparable with the optimum maximum-likelihood (ML) detection. On the other hand, with different standards supporting different system parameters, it is crucial for both base station and handset devices to be configurable and seamlessly switch between different modes without the need for separate dedicated hardware units. This challenge emphasizes the need for SDR designs that target the handset devices. In this paper, we propose the architecture and FPGA realization of a configurable sort-free sphere detector, Flex-Sphere, that supports 4, 16, 64-QAM modulations as well as a combination of 2, 3 and 4 antenna/user configuration for handsets. The detector provides a data rate of up to 857.1 Mbps that fits well within the requirements of any of the next generation wireless standards. The algorithmic optimizations employed to produce an FPGA friendly realization are discussed.