Smart Antennas for Wireless Communications: IS-95 and Third Generation CDMA Applications
Smart Antennas for Wireless Communications: IS-95 and Third Generation CDMA Applications
Implementation of smart antenna base station with a novel searcher and tracker for CDMA 2000 1X
ICCS '02 Proceedings of the The 8th International Conference on Communication Systems - Volume 01
A Practical Space-Code Correlator Receiver for DSP Based Software Radio Implementation in CDMA2000
Wireless Personal Communications: An International Journal
Software radio implementation of a smart antenna system on digital signal processors for cdma2000
CIT'04 Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Intelligent Information Technology
An analytical constant modulus algorithm
IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing
A least squares approach to blind beamforming
IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing
A smart software radio: concept development and demonstration
IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications
Software radio architecture with smart antennas: a tutorial on algorithms and complexity
IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications
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For the integration of smart antennas into third generation code division multiple access (CDMA) base stations, it still remains as a challenging task to implement smart antenna algorithms on programmable processors. In this paper, we study implementations of some CDMA compatible beamforming algorithms, namely least mean square (LMS), constant modulus (CM), and space code correlator (SCC) algorithms, using Xilinx's Virtex family FPGAs. This study exhibits feasibility of implementing even simple, practical, and computationally small algorithms based on today's most powerful FPGA technologies. 16 and 32 bits floating point implementations of the algorithms are investigated using both Virtex II and Virtex IV FPGAs. CDMA2000 reverse link baseband signal format is used in the signal modeling. Randomly changing fading and Direction-of-arrivals (DOAs) of multipaths are considered as a channel condition. The implementation results in terms of beamforming accuracy, FPGA resource utilization, weight vector computation time, and DOA estimation error are presented. Beamformer weight vectors using LMS and CM can be computed within less than 20 μs on Virtex II FPGA and 10 μs on Virtex IV FPGA, and using SCC it can be achieved within less than 22 μs on Virtex IV FPGA. These results show that FPGAs provide approximately 500 times faster speed in implementations than our previous work with DSPs.