ACM Transactions on Computer Systems (TOCS)
TCP Vegas: new techniques for congestion detection and avoidance
SIGCOMM '94 Proceedings of the conference on Communications architectures, protocols and applications
The performance of TCP/IP for networks with high bandwidth-delay products and random loss
IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking (TON)
Frangipani: a scalable distributed file system
Proceedings of the sixteenth ACM symposium on Operating systems principles
Generating representative Web workloads for network and server performance evaluation
SIGMETRICS '98/PERFORMANCE '98 Proceedings of the 1998 ACM SIGMETRICS joint international conference on Measurement and modeling of computer systems
VISA: Netstation's virtual Internet SCSI adapter
Proceedings of the eighth international conference on Architectural support for programming languages and operating systems
A cost-effective, high-bandwidth storage architecture
Proceedings of the eighth international conference on Architectural support for programming languages and operating systems
Virtual log based file systems for a programmable disk
OSDI '99 Proceedings of the third symposium on Operating systems design and implementation
NFS sensitivity to high performance networks
SIGMETRICS '99 Proceedings of the 1999 ACM SIGMETRICS international conference on Measurement and modeling of computer systems
End-to-end internet packet dynamics
IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking (TON)
The Design and Verification of the Rio File Cache
IEEE Transactions on Computers
Obtaining high performance for storage outsourcing
Proceedings of the 2001 ACM SIGMETRICS international conference on Measurement and modeling of computer systems
Database System Concepts
Inside Windows NT
Metadata update performance in file systems
OSDI '94 Proceedings of the 1st USENIX conference on Operating Systems Design and Implementation
Journaling versus soft updates: asynchronous meta-data protection in file systems
ATEC '00 Proceedings of the annual conference on USENIX Annual Technical Conference
Wide-area Internet traffic patterns and characteristics
IEEE Network: The Magazine of Global Internetworking
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Storage outsourcing is an emerging industry that shields storage users from the complexity of in-house storage management, while providing cost savings and reliability improvements via the aggregation of storage into large, special-purpose facilities. These distributed and replicated facilities are operated by a storage service provider, and are accessed by remote users via high-speed network connections. The viability of storage outsourcing is critically dependent on the performance of remote storage. In this paper, we measure the performance of I/O benchmarks accessing a remote block-level storage system. We use benchmarks that represent a variety of workloads, running on several operating systems and file systems. Network latencies represent distances ranging from a local neighborhood to halfway across a continent. We vary the network loss characteristics to correspond with the conditions of either dedicated fiber or shared Internet (with loss rates up to 10-3). We examine the effectiveness of basic latency-hiding techniques such as caching, application prefetching, and asynchronous writes. We conclude that remote storage is already viable for a wide variety of active workloads, and we point out areas where new techniques could provide significant additional performance enhancement.