The cost structure of sensemaking
CHI '93 Proceedings of the INTERACT '93 and CHI '93 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
A set of principles for conducting and evaluating interpretive field studies in information systems
MIS Quarterly - Special issue on intensive research in information systems
Making Sense of Sensemaking 2: A Macrocognitive Model
IEEE Intelligent Systems
Designing Interfaces
CiteSense: supporting sensemaking of research literature
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Productivity as a metric for visual analytics: reflections on e-discovery
Proceedings of the 2008 Workshop on BEyond time and errors: novel evaLuation methods for Information Visualization
The centrality of user modeling to high recall with high precision search
SMC'09 Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE international conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics
Artificial Intelligence and Law
Afterword: data, knowledge, and e-discovery
Artificial Intelligence and Law
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Given the very large numbers of documents involved in e-discovery investigations, lawyers face a considerable challenge of collaborative sensemaking. We report findings from three workplace studies which looked at different aspects of how this challenge was met. From a sociotechnical perspective, the studies aimed to understand how investigators collectively and individually worked with information to support sensemaking and decision making. Here, we focus on discoveryled refinement; specifically, how engaging with the materials of the investigations led to discoveries that supported refinement of the problems and new strategies for addressing them. These refinements were essential for tractability. We begin with observations which show how new lines of enquiry were recursively embedded. We then analyse the conceptual structure of a line of enquiry and consider how reflecting this in e-discovery support systems might support scalability and group collaboration. We then focus on the individual activity of manual document review where refinement corresponded with the inductive identification of classes of irrelevant and relevant documents within a collection. Our observations point to the effects of priming on dealing with these efficiently and to issues of cognitive ergonomics at the human-computer interface. We use these observations to introduce visualisations that might enable reviewers to deal with such refinements more efficiently.